1. Pengantar
Material 3 adalah sistem desain open source versi terbaru dari Google. Flutter telah memperluas dukungan untuk membangun aplikasi menarik menggunakan Material 3. Dalam codelab ini, Anda akan memulai dengan aplikasi Flutter kosong, lalu membangun aplikasi dengan gaya dan animasi yang sudah jadi menggunakan Material 3 dengan Flutter.
Yang akan Anda bangun
Dalam codelab ini, Anda akan membangun aplikasi pesan tiruan. Aplikasi Anda akan:
- Menggunakan desain adaptif sehingga dapat berfungsi di perangkat desktop atau seluler.
- Menggunakan animasi untuk beralih antar-tata letak yang berbeda dengan mudah dan lancar.
- Menggunakan Material 3 untuk gaya tampilan yang ekspresif.
- Berjalan di Android, iOS, web, Windows, Linux, dan macOS.
Codelab ini berfokus pada Material 3 dengan Flutter. Konsep dan blok kode yang tidak relevan akan dibahas sekilas dan disediakan, jadi Anda cukup menyalin dan menempelkannya.
2. Menyiapkan lingkungan Flutter Anda
Yang Anda butuhkan
- Flutter SDK versi 3.10 atau yang lebih baru.
- Editor, misalnya VS Code atau Android Studio.
Codelab ini telah diuji agar dapat di-deploy di Android, iOS, web, Windows, Linux, dan macOS. Beberapa target deployment ini memerlukan penginstalan software tambahan sebagai tempat untuk men-deploy. Cara yang baik untuk mengetahui apakah platform Anda sudah disiapkan dengan benar adalah dengan menjalankan flutter doctor.
$ flutter doctor Doctor summary (to see all details, run flutter doctor -v): [✓] Flutter (Channel stable, 3.10.1, on macOS 13.4 22F5037d darwin-arm64, locale en) [✓] Android toolchain - develop for Android devices (Android SDK version 33.0.0) [✓] Xcode - develop for iOS and macOS (Xcode 14.3) [✓] Chrome - develop for the web [✓] Android Studio (version 2021.2) [✓] IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition (version 2022.2.2) [✓] VS Code (version 1.78.2) [✓] Connected device (2 available) [✓] Network resources • No issues found!
Jika ada masalah yang tercantum dalam output dan berdampak pada target deployment yang Anda pilih, jalankan flutter doctor -v untuk mendapatkan informasi lebih mendetail. Jika Anda tidak dapat menyelesaikan masalah setelah mencoba langkah yang dicantumkan flutter doctor -v, sebaiknya hubungi komunitas Flutter.
3. Memulai
Membuat aplikasi Flutter kosong
Sebagian besar developer Flutter membuat aplikasi dasar "menghitung ketukan tombol" dengan flutter create, lalu mereka menghapus apa yang tidak diperlukan selama beberapa menit. Mulai di Flutter 3.7, Anda dapat membuat project Flutter kosong (menggunakan parameter --empty), hanya dengan dasar-dasar sederhana untuk menyiapkan dan menjalankan aplikasi.
$ flutter create animated_responsive_layout --empty Creating project animated_responsive_layout... Running "flutter pub get" in animated_responsive_layout... Resolving dependencies in animated_responsive_layout... (1.4s) + async 2.10.0 + boolean_selector 2.1.1 + characters 1.2.1 + clock 1.1.1 + collection 1.17.0 + fake_async 1.3.1 + flutter 0.0.0 from sdk flutter + flutter_lints 2.0.1 + flutter_test 0.0.0 from sdk flutter + js 0.6.5 (0.6.6 available) + lints 2.0.1 + matcher 0.12.13 (0.12.14 available) + material_color_utilities 0.2.0 + meta 1.8.0 + path 1.8.2 (1.8.3 available) + sky_engine 0.0.99 from sdk flutter + source_span 1.9.1 + stack_trace 1.11.0 + stream_channel 2.1.1 + string_scanner 1.2.0 + term_glyph 1.2.1 + test_api 0.4.16 (0.4.18 available) + vector_math 2.1.4 Changed 23 dependencies in animated_responsive_layout! Wrote 126 files. All done! You can find general documentation for Flutter at: https://docs.flutter.dev/ Detailed API documentation is available at: https://api.flutter.dev/ If you prefer video documentation, consider: https://www.youtube.com/c/flutterdev In order to run your empty application, type: $ cd animated_responsive_layout $ flutter run Your empty application code is in animated_responsive_layout/lib/main.dart.
Anda dapat menjalankan kode ini melalui editor kode atau langsung dari command line. Bergantung pada toolchain yang telah Anda instal, dan apakah Anda menjalankan simulator atau emulator, Anda mungkin akan diminta untuk memilih target deployment untuk menjalankan aplikasi. Berikut contoh bagaimana Anda dapat memilih untuk menjalankan aplikasi kosong di browser web dengan memilih opsi "Chrome".
$ cd animated_responsive_layout $ flutter run Multiple devices found: macOS (desktop) • macos • darwin-arm64 • macOS 13.2 22D5038i darwin-arm64 Chrome (web) • chrome • web-javascript • Google Chrome 108.0.5359.124 [1]: macOS (macos) [2]: Chrome (chrome) Please choose one (To quit, press "q/Q"): 2 Launching lib/main.dart on Chrome in debug mode... Waiting for connection from debug service on Chrome... 10.0s This app is linked to the debug service: ws://127.0.0.1:56599/gxM2gOqxliM=/ws Debug service listening on ws://127.0.0.1:56599/gxM2gOqxliM=/ws 💪 Running with sound null safety 💪 🔥 To hot restart changes while running, press "r" or "R". For a more detailed help message, press "h". To quit, press "q". An Observatory debugger and profiler on Chrome is available at: http://127.0.0.1:56599/gxM2gOqxliM= The Flutter DevTools debugger and profiler on Chrome is available at: http://127.0.0.1:9100?uri=http://127.0.0.1:56599/gxM2gOqxliM=
Dalam skenario ini, Anda akan melihat aplikasi kosong yang berjalan di browser web Chrome. Anda juga dapat memilih untuk menjalankannya di Android, iOS, atau sistem operasi desktop Anda.
4. Membuat aplikasi pesan
Membuat Avatar
Setiap aplikasi pesan memerlukan gambar penggunanya. Gambar ini mewakili pengguna dan disebut avatar. Selanjutnya, buat direktori aset di bagian atas struktur project, lalu isi dengan serangkaian gambar dari repositori git untuk codelab ini. Salah satu cara melakukan ini adalah dengan menggunakan alat command line wget seperti berikut.
$ mkdir assets
$ cd assets
$ for name in avatar_1 avatar_2 avatar_3 avatar_4 \
avatar_5 avatar_6 avatar_7 thumbnail_1; \
do wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/flutter/codelabs/main/animated-responsive-layout/step_04/assets/$name.png ; \
done
Langkah ini akan mendownload gambar berikut ke direktori assets aplikasi Anda:
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Setelah memiliki aset gambar avatar, Anda harus menambahkannya ke file pubspec.yaml seperti berikut:
pubspec.yaml
name: animated_responsive_layout
description: A new Flutter project.
publish_to: 'none'
version: 0.1.0
environment:
sdk: '>=3.0.1 <4.0.0'
dependencies:
flutter:
sdk: flutter
dev_dependencies:
flutter_test:
sdk: flutter
flutter_lints: ^2.0.0
flutter:
uses-material-design: true
# Add from here...
assets:
- assets/avatar_1.png
- assets/avatar_2.png
- assets/avatar_3.png
- assets/avatar_4.png
- assets/avatar_5.png
- assets/avatar_6.png
- assets/avatar_7.png
- assets/thumbnail_1.png
# ... to here.
Aplikasi memerlukan sumber data untuk pesan yang ditampilkannya. Dalam direktori lib project Anda, buat subdirektori models. Anda dapat melakukan ini di command line dengan mkdir, atau di editor teks pilihan Anda. Dalam direktori lib/models, buat file models.dart yang berisi kode berikut:
lib/models/models.dart
class Attachment {
const Attachment({
required this.url,
});
final String url;
}
class Email {
const Email({
required this.sender,
required this.recipients,
required this.subject,
required this.content,
this.replies = 0,
this.attachments = const [],
});
final User sender;
final List<User> recipients;
final String subject;
final String content;
final List<Attachment> attachments;
final double replies;
}
class Name {
const Name({
required this.first,
required this.last,
});
final String first;
final String last;
String get fullName => '$first $last';
}
class User {
const User({
required this.name,
required this.avatarUrl,
required this.lastActive,
});
final Name name;
final String avatarUrl;
final DateTime lastActive;
}
Setelah memiliki definisi bentuk data, buat file data.dart dalam direktori lib/models, yang berisi kode berikut:
lib/models/data.dart
import 'models.dart';
final User user_0 = User(
name: const Name(first: 'Me', last: ''),
avatarUrl: 'assets/avatar_1.png',
lastActive: DateTime.now());
final User user_1 = User(
name: const Name(first: '老', last: '强'),
avatarUrl: 'assets/avatar_2.png',
lastActive: DateTime.now().subtract(const Duration(minutes: 10)));
final User user_2 = User(
name: const Name(first: 'So', last: 'Duri'),
avatarUrl: 'assets/avatar_3.png',
lastActive: DateTime.now().subtract(const Duration(minutes: 20)));
final User user_3 = User(
name: const Name(first: 'Lily', last: 'MacDonald'),
avatarUrl: 'assets/avatar_4.png',
lastActive: DateTime.now().subtract(const Duration(hours: 2)));
final User user_4 = User(
name: const Name(first: 'Ziad', last: 'Aouad'),
avatarUrl: 'assets/avatar_5.png',
lastActive: DateTime.now().subtract(const Duration(hours: 6)));
final List<Email> emails = [
Email(
sender: user_1,
recipients: [],
subject: '豆花鱼',
content: '最近忙吗？昨晚我去了你最爱的那家饭馆，点了他们的特色豆花鱼，吃着吃着就想你了。',
),
Email(
sender: user_2,
recipients: [],
subject: 'Dinner Club',
content:
"I think it's time for us to finally try that new noodle shop downtown that doesn't use menus. Anyone else have other suggestions for dinner club this week? I'm so intrigued by this idea of a noodle restaurant where no one gets to order for themselves - could be fun, or terrible, or both :)\n\nSo",
),
Email(
sender: user_3,
recipients: [],
subject: 'This food show is made for you',
content:
"Ping– you'd love this new food show I started watching. It's produced by a Thai drummer who started getting recognized for the amazing vegan food she always brought to shows.",
attachments: [const Attachment(url: 'assets/thumbnail_1.png')]),
Email(
sender: user_4,
recipients: [],
subject: 'Volunteer EMT with me?',
content:
'What do you think about training to be volunteer EMTs? We could do it together for moral support. Think about it??',
),
];
final List<Email> replies = [
Email(
sender: user_2,
recipients: [
user_3,
user_2,
],
subject: 'Dinner Club',
content:
"I think it's time for us to finally try that new noodle shop downtown that doesn't use menus. Anyone else have other suggestions for dinner club this week? I'm so intrigued by this idea of a noodle restaurant where no one gets to order for themselves - could be fun, or terrible, or both :)\n\nSo",
),
Email(
sender: user_0,
recipients: [
user_3,
user_2,
],
subject: 'Dinner Club',
content:
"Yes! I forgot about that place! I'm definitely up for taking a risk this week and handing control over to this mysterious noodle chef. I wonder what happens if you have allergies though? Lucky none of us have any otherwise I'd be a bit concerned.\n\nThis is going to be great. See you all at the usual time?",
),
];
Setelah memiliki data tersebut, kini saatnya menentukan beberapa widget untuk menampilkannya. Buat subdirektori dengan nama widgets di bagian lib. Buat empat file di widgets, dan mungkin akan muncul beberapa peringatan dari editor Anda sebelum keempat file selesai dibuat. Ingat, tujuan codelab ini adalah mendesain gaya aplikasi menggunakan Material 3. Jadi, tambahkan masing-masing dari empat file berikut dengan kode yang tercantum di bawah:
lib/widgets/email_list_view.dart
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import '../models/data.dart' as data;
import '../models/models.dart';
import 'email_widget.dart';
import 'search_bar.dart' as search_bar;
class EmailListView extends StatelessWidget {
const EmailListView({
super.key,
this.selectedIndex,
this.onSelected,
required this.currentUser,
});
final int? selectedIndex;
final ValueChanged<int>? onSelected;
final User currentUser;
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Padding(
padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 8.0),
child: ListView(
children: [
const SizedBox(height: 8),
search_bar.SearchBar(currentUser: currentUser),
const SizedBox(height: 8),
...List.generate(
data.emails.length,
(index) {
return Padding(
padding: const EdgeInsets.only(bottom: 8.0),
child: EmailWidget(
email: data.emails[index],
onSelected: onSelected != null
? () {
onSelected!(index);
}
: null,
isSelected: selectedIndex == index,
),
);
},
),
],
),
);
}
}
Salah satu kemampuan yang sepertinya harus dimiliki aplikasi pesan adalah menampilkan daftar email. Anda akan mendapatkan peringatan dari editor, tetapi Anda dapat memperbaiki beberapa di antaranya dengan menambahkan file berikutnya, yakni email_widget.dart.
lib/widgets/email_widget.dart
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import '../models/models.dart';
import 'star_button.dart';
enum EmailType {
preview,
threaded,
primaryThreaded,
}
class EmailWidget extends StatefulWidget {
const EmailWidget({
super.key,
required this.email,
this.isSelected = false,
this.isPreview = true,
this.isThreaded = false,
this.showHeadline = false,
this.onSelected,
});
final bool isSelected;
final bool isPreview;
final bool showHeadline;
final bool isThreaded;
final void Function()? onSelected;
final Email email;
@override
State<EmailWidget> createState() => _EmailWidgetState();
}
class _EmailWidgetState extends State<EmailWidget> {
late final ColorScheme _colorScheme = Theme.of(context).colorScheme;
late Color unselectedColor = Color.alphaBlend(
_colorScheme.primary.withOpacity(0.08),
_colorScheme.surface,
);
Color get _surfaceColor => switch (widget) {
EmailWidget(isPreview: false) => _colorScheme.surface,
EmailWidget(isSelected: true) => _colorScheme.primaryContainer,
_ => unselectedColor,
};
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return GestureDetector(
onTap: widget.onSelected,
child: Card(
elevation: 0,
color: _surfaceColor,
clipBehavior: Clip.hardEdge,
child: Column(
crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.start,
mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.min,
children: [
if (widget.showHeadline) ...[
EmailHeadline(
email: widget.email,
isSelected: widget.isSelected,
),
],
EmailContent(
email: widget.email,
isPreview: widget.isPreview,
isThreaded: widget.isThreaded,
isSelected: widget.isSelected,
),
],
),
),
);
}
}
class EmailContent extends StatefulWidget {
const EmailContent({
super.key,
required this.email,
required this.isPreview,
required this.isThreaded,
required this.isSelected,
});
final Email email;
final bool isPreview;
final bool isThreaded;
final bool isSelected;
@override
State<EmailContent> createState() => _EmailContentState();
}
class _EmailContentState extends State<EmailContent> {
late final ColorScheme _colorScheme = Theme.of(context).colorScheme;
late final TextTheme _textTheme = Theme.of(context).textTheme;
Widget get contentSpacer => SizedBox(height: widget.isThreaded ? 20 : 2);
String get lastActiveLabel {
final DateTime now = DateTime.now();
if (widget.email.sender.lastActive.isAfter(now)) throw ArgumentError();
final Duration elapsedTime =
widget.email.sender.lastActive.difference(now).abs();
return switch (elapsedTime) {
Duration(inSeconds: < 60) => '${elapsedTime.inSeconds}s',
Duration(inMinutes: < 60) => '${elapsedTime.inMinutes}m',
Duration(inHours: < 24) => '${elapsedTime.inHours}h',
Duration(inDays: < 365) => '${elapsedTime.inDays}d',
_ => throw UnimplementedError(),
};
}
TextStyle? get contentTextStyle => switch (widget) {
EmailContent(isThreaded: true) => _textTheme.bodyLarge,
EmailContent(isSelected: true) => _textTheme.bodyMedium
?.copyWith(color: _colorScheme.onPrimaryContainer),
_ =>
_textTheme.bodyMedium?.copyWith(color: _colorScheme.onSurfaceVariant),
};
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Padding(
padding: const EdgeInsets.all(20),
child: Column(
crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.start,
children: [
LayoutBuilder(builder: (context, constraints) {
return Row(
crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.center,
children: [
if (constraints.maxWidth - 200 > 0) ...[
CircleAvatar(
backgroundImage: AssetImage(widget.email.sender.avatarUrl),
),
const Padding(padding: EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 6.0)),
],
Expanded(
child: Column(
crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.start,
children: [
Text(
widget.email.sender.name.fullName,
overflow: TextOverflow.fade,
maxLines: 1,
style: widget.isSelected
? _textTheme.labelMedium?.copyWith(
color: _colorScheme.onSecondaryContainer)
: _textTheme.labelMedium
?.copyWith(color: _colorScheme.onSurface),
),
Text(
lastActiveLabel,
overflow: TextOverflow.fade,
maxLines: 1,
style: widget.isSelected
? _textTheme.labelMedium?.copyWith(
color: _colorScheme.onSecondaryContainer)
: _textTheme.labelMedium?.copyWith(
color: _colorScheme.onSurfaceVariant),
),
],
),
),
if (constraints.maxWidth - 200 > 0) ...[
const StarButton(),
]
],
);
}),
const SizedBox(width: 8),
Column(
crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.start,
children: [
if (widget.isPreview) ...[
Text(
widget.email.subject,
style: const TextStyle(fontSize: 18)
.copyWith(color: _colorScheme.onSurface),
),
],
if (widget.isThreaded) ...[
contentSpacer,
Text(
"To ${widget.email.recipients.map((recipient) => recipient.name.first).join(", ")}",
style: _textTheme.bodyMedium,
)
],
contentSpacer,
Text(
widget.email.content,
maxLines: widget.isPreview ? 2 : 100,
overflow: TextOverflow.ellipsis,
style: contentTextStyle,
),
],
),
const SizedBox(width: 12),
widget.email.attachments.isNotEmpty
? Container(
height: 96,
decoration: BoxDecoration(
borderRadius: BorderRadius.circular(8.0),
image: DecorationImage(
fit: BoxFit.cover,
image: AssetImage(widget.email.attachments.first.url),
),
),
)
: const SizedBox.shrink(),
if (!widget.isPreview) ...[
const EmailReplyOptions(),
],
],
),
);
}
}
class EmailHeadline extends StatefulWidget {
const EmailHeadline({
super.key,
required this.email,
required this.isSelected,
});
final Email email;
final bool isSelected;
@override
State<EmailHeadline> createState() => _EmailHeadlineState();
}
class _EmailHeadlineState extends State<EmailHeadline> {
late final TextTheme _textTheme = Theme.of(context).textTheme;
late final ColorScheme _colorScheme = Theme.of(context).colorScheme;
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return LayoutBuilder(builder: (context, constraints) {
return Container(
height: 84,
color: Color.alphaBlend(
_colorScheme.primary.withOpacity(0.05),
_colorScheme.surface,
),
child: Padding(
padding: const EdgeInsets.fromLTRB(24, 12, 12, 12),
child: Row(
mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.max,
crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.center,
children: [
Expanded(
child: Column(
mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.min,
crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.start,
children: [
Text(
widget.email.subject,
maxLines: 1,
overflow: TextOverflow.fade,
style: const TextStyle(
fontSize: 18, fontWeight: FontWeight.w400),
),
Text(
'${widget.email.replies.toString()} Messages',
maxLines: 1,
overflow: TextOverflow.fade,
style: _textTheme.labelMedium
?.copyWith(fontWeight: FontWeight.w500),
),
],
),
),
// Display a "condensed" version if the widget in the row are
// expected to overflow.
if (constraints.maxWidth - 200 > 0) ...[
SizedBox(
height: 40,
width: 40,
child: FloatingActionButton(
onPressed: () {},
elevation: 0,
backgroundColor: _colorScheme.surface,
child: const Icon(Icons.delete_outline),
),
),
const Padding(padding: EdgeInsets.only(right: 8.0)),
SizedBox(
height: 40,
width: 40,
child: FloatingActionButton(
onPressed: () {},
elevation: 0,
backgroundColor: _colorScheme.surface,
child: const Icon(Icons.more_vert),
),
),
]
],
),
),
);
});
}
}
class EmailReplyOptions extends StatefulWidget {
const EmailReplyOptions({super.key});
@override
State<EmailReplyOptions> createState() => _EmailReplyOptionsState();
}
class _EmailReplyOptionsState extends State<EmailReplyOptions> {
late final ColorScheme _colorScheme = Theme.of(context).colorScheme;
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return LayoutBuilder(
builder: (context, constraints) {
if (constraints.maxWidth < 100) {
return const SizedBox.shrink();
}
return Row(
children: [
Expanded(
child: TextButton(
style: ButtonStyle(
backgroundColor:
WidgetStateProperty.all(_colorScheme.onInverseSurface),
),
onPressed: () {},
child: Text(
'Reply',
style: TextStyle(color: _colorScheme.onSurfaceVariant),
),
),
),
const SizedBox(width: 8),
Expanded(
child: TextButton(
style: ButtonStyle(
backgroundColor:
WidgetStateProperty.all(_colorScheme.onInverseSurface),
),
onPressed: () {},
child: Text(
'Reply All',
style: TextStyle(color: _colorScheme.onSurfaceVariant),
),
),
),
],
);
},
);
}
}
Ya, ada banyak yang terjadi dalam widget tersebut. Tidak ada salahnya untuk mempelajarinya secara mendetail, terutama untuk mengetahui bagaimana warna diterapkan di seluruh widget. Topik ini akan kembali dibahas nantinya. Berikutnya adalah search_bar.dart.
lib/widgets/search_bar.dart
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import '../models/models.dart';
class SearchBar extends StatelessWidget {
const SearchBar({
super.key,
required this.currentUser,
});
final User currentUser;
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return SizedBox(
height: 56,
child: Container(
decoration: BoxDecoration(
borderRadius: BorderRadius.circular(100),
color: Colors.white,
),
padding: const EdgeInsets.fromLTRB(31, 12, 12, 12),
child: Row(
crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.center,
children: [
const Icon(Icons.search),
const SizedBox(width: 23.5),
Expanded(
child: TextField(
maxLines: 1,
decoration: InputDecoration(
isDense: true,
border: InputBorder.none,
hintText: 'Search replies',
hintStyle: Theme.of(context).textTheme.bodyMedium,
),
),
),
CircleAvatar(
backgroundImage: AssetImage(currentUser.avatarUrl),
),
],
),
),
);
}
}
Widget stateless yang jauh lebih sederhana. Selanjutnya, tambahkan widget sederhana lainnya, star_button.dart:
lib/widgets/star_button.dart
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
class StarButton extends StatefulWidget {
const StarButton({super.key});
@override
State<StarButton> createState() => _StarButtonState();
}
class _StarButtonState extends State<StarButton> {
bool state = false;
late final ColorScheme _colorScheme = Theme.of(context).colorScheme;
Icon get icon {
final IconData iconData = state ? Icons.star : Icons.star_outline;
return Icon(
iconData,
color: Colors.grey,
size: 20,
);
}
void _toggle() {
setState(() {
state = !state;
});
}
double get turns => state ? 1 : 0;
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return AnimatedRotation(
turns: turns,
curve: Curves.decelerate,
duration: const Duration(milliseconds: 300),
child: FloatingActionButton(
elevation: 0,
shape: const CircleBorder(),
backgroundColor: _colorScheme.surface,
onPressed: () => _toggle(),
child: Padding(
padding: const EdgeInsets.all(10.0),
child: icon,
),
),
);
}
}
Kemudian, perbarui komponen utamanya, yakni lib/main.dart. Ganti isi file saat ini dengan kode berikut.
lib/main.dart
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'models/data.dart' as data;
import 'models/models.dart';
import 'widgets/email_list_view.dart';
void main() {
runApp(const MainApp());
}
class MainApp extends StatelessWidget {
const MainApp({super.key});
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return MaterialApp(
theme: ThemeData.light(useMaterial3: true),
home: Feed(currentUser: data.user_0),
);
}
}
class Feed extends StatefulWidget {
const Feed({
super.key,
required this.currentUser,
});
final User currentUser;
@override
State<Feed> createState() => _FeedState();
}
class _FeedState extends State<Feed> {
late final _colorScheme = Theme.of(context).colorScheme;
late final _backgroundColor = Color.alphaBlend(
_colorScheme.primary.withOpacity(0.14), _colorScheme.surface);
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Scaffold(
body: Container(
color: _backgroundColor,
child: EmailListView(
currentUser: widget.currentUser,
),
),
floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
backgroundColor: _colorScheme.tertiaryContainer,
foregroundColor: _colorScheme.onTertiaryContainer,
onPressed: () {},
child: const Icon(Icons.add),
),
);
}
}
Dari sudut pandang codelab ini, baris terpenting dalam file ini adalah argumen theme MaterialApp, yang menetapkan useMaterial3 ke true. Argumen useMaterial3 akan menentukan apakah gaya tampilan widget dalam aplikasi Anda disesuaikan dengan panduan desain Material 2 atau Material 3. Menetapkan argumen useMaterial3 ke true juga akan memunculkan fitur baru seperti IconButtons yang dapat dipilih.
Jalankan aplikasi untuk mengetahui hasil awalnya.
5. Menambahkan NavigationBar
Pada akhir langkah sebelumnya, aplikasi awal memiliki daftar pesan, tetapi tidak banyak hal lain yang terjadi. Pada langkah ini, Anda akan menambahkan NavigationBar untuk memberikan lebih banyak daya tarik visual. Seiring berkembangnya aplikasi dari sketsa UI menjadi aplikasi sungguhan, menu navigasi akan memberikan berbagai area aplikasi yang dapat digunakan pengguna.
NavigationBar menunjukkan adanya tujuan yang bisa dibuka. Buat file baru dengan nama destinations.dart dalam direktori lib, lalu isi dengan kode berikut.
lib/destinations.dart
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
class Destination {
const Destination(this.icon, this.label);
final IconData icon;
final String label;
}
const List<Destination> destinations = <Destination>[
Destination(Icons.inbox_rounded, 'Inbox'),
Destination(Icons.article_outlined, 'Articles'),
Destination(Icons.messenger_outline_rounded, 'Messages'),
Destination(Icons.group_outlined, 'Groups'),
];
Dengan ini, aplikasi akan memiliki empat tujuan yang akan ditampilkan NavigationBar. Selanjutnya, sertakan daftar tujuan ini ke dalam file lib/main.dart seperti berikut:
lib/main.dart
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'destinations.dart'; // Add this import
import 'models/data.dart' as data;
import 'models/models.dart';
import 'widgets/email_list_view.dart';
void main() {
runApp(const MainApp());
}
class MainApp extends StatelessWidget {
const MainApp({super.key});
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return MaterialApp(
theme: ThemeData.light(useMaterial3: true),
home: Feed(currentUser: data.user_0),
);
}
}
class Feed extends StatefulWidget {
const Feed({
super.key,
required this.currentUser,
});
final User currentUser;
@override
State<Feed> createState() => _FeedState();
}
class _FeedState extends State<Feed> {
late final _colorScheme = Theme.of(context).colorScheme;
late final _backgroundColor = Color.alphaBlend(
_colorScheme.primary.withOpacity(0.14), _colorScheme.surface);
int selectedIndex = 0; // Add this variable
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Scaffold(
body: Container(
color: _backgroundColor,
child: EmailListView(
// Add from here...
selectedIndex: selectedIndex,
onSelected: (index) {
setState(() {
selectedIndex = index;
});
},
// ... to here.
currentUser: widget.currentUser,
),
),
floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
backgroundColor: _colorScheme.tertiaryContainer,
foregroundColor: _colorScheme.onTertiaryContainer,
onPressed: () {},
child: const Icon(Icons.add),
),
// Add from here...
bottomNavigationBar: NavigationBar(
elevation: 0,
backgroundColor: Colors.white,
destinations: destinations.map<NavigationDestination>((d) {
return NavigationDestination(
icon: Icon(d.icon),
label: d.label,
);
}).toList(),
selectedIndex: selectedIndex,
onDestinationSelected: (index) {
setState(() {
selectedIndex = index;
});
},
),
// ...to here.
);
}
}
Daripada menetapkan konten yang berbeda untuk setiap tujuan, sebaiknya ubah status masing-masing pesan untuk menunjukkan tujuan yang dipilih dalam NavigationBar. Agar konsisten, hal ini juga berlaku untuk tindakan sebaliknya: memilih suatu pesan akan menampilkan tujuan yang sesuai dalam NavigationBar. Jalankan aplikasi untuk memastikan perubahan ini:
Tampilan ini terlihat bagus dalam konfigurasi layar sempit, tetapi jika Anda memperluas jendelanya atau memutar simulator ponsel ke posisi horizontal, tampilannya akan terlihat agak aneh. Untuk memperbaikinya, tambahkan NavigationRail pada sisi kiri layar saat tampilan aplikasinya cukup lebar. Tindakan ini akan dilakukan pada langkah berikutnya.
6. Menambahkan NavigationRail
Pada langkah ini, Anda akan menambahkan NavigationRail ke aplikasi. Tujuannya adalah untuk hanya menampilkan satu dari dua Widget navigasi, tergantung pada ukuran layar. Artinya, Anda harus menyembunyikan atau menampilkan NavigationBar saat diperlukan. Dalam direktori lib/widgets, buat file disappearing_bottom_navigation_bar.dart, lalu tambahkan kode berikut:
lib/widgets/disappearing_bottom_navigation_bar.dart
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import '../destinations.dart';
class DisappearingBottomNavigationBar extends StatelessWidget {
const DisappearingBottomNavigationBar({
super.key,
required this.selectedIndex,
this.onDestinationSelected,
});
final int selectedIndex;
final ValueChanged<int>? onDestinationSelected;
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return NavigationBar(
elevation: 0,
backgroundColor: Colors.white,
destinations: destinations.map<NavigationDestination>((d) {
return NavigationDestination(
icon: Icon(d.icon),
label: d.label,
);
}).toList(),
selectedIndex: selectedIndex,
onDestinationSelected: onDestinationSelected,
);
}
}
Dalam direktori yang sama, tambahkan file lain bernama disappearing_navigation_rail.dart yang berisi kode berikut:
lib/widgets/disappearing_navigation_rail.dart
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import '../destinations.dart';
class DisappearingNavigationRail extends StatelessWidget {
const DisappearingNavigationRail({
super.key,
required this.backgroundColor,
required this.selectedIndex,
this.onDestinationSelected,
});
final Color backgroundColor;
final int selectedIndex;
final ValueChanged<int>? onDestinationSelected;
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
final colorScheme = Theme.of(context).colorScheme;
return NavigationRail(
selectedIndex: selectedIndex,
backgroundColor: backgroundColor,
onDestinationSelected: onDestinationSelected,
leading: Column(
children: [
IconButton(
onPressed: () {},
icon: const Icon(Icons.menu),
),
const SizedBox(height: 8),
FloatingActionButton(
shape: const RoundedRectangleBorder(
borderRadius: BorderRadius.all(
Radius.circular(15),
),
),
backgroundColor: colorScheme.tertiaryContainer,
foregroundColor: colorScheme.onTertiaryContainer,
onPressed: () {},
child: const Icon(Icons.add),
),
],
),
groupAlignment: -0.85,
destinations: destinations.map((d) {
return NavigationRailDestination(
icon: Icon(d.icon),
label: Text(d.label),
);
}).toList(),
);
}
}
Dengan idiom navigasi yang telah difaktorkan ulang ke widget-nya masing-masing, file lib/main.dart akan memerlukan beberapa modifikasi:
lib/main.dart
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
// Remove the destination.dart import, it's not required
import 'models/data.dart' as data;
import 'models/models.dart';
import 'widgets/disappearing_bottom_navigation_bar.dart'; // Add import
import 'widgets/disappearing_navigation_rail.dart'; // Add import
import 'widgets/email_list_view.dart';
void main() {
runApp(const MainApp());
}
class MainApp extends StatelessWidget {
const MainApp({super.key});
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return MaterialApp(
theme: ThemeData.light(useMaterial3: true),
home: Feed(currentUser: data.user_0),
);
}
}
class Feed extends StatefulWidget {
const Feed({
super.key,
required this.currentUser,
});
final User currentUser;
@override
State<Feed> createState() => _FeedState();
}
class _FeedState extends State<Feed> {
late final _colorScheme = Theme.of(context).colorScheme;
late final _backgroundColor = Color.alphaBlend(
_colorScheme.primary.withOpacity(0.14), _colorScheme.surface);
int selectedIndex = 0;
// Add from here...
bool wideScreen = false;
@override
void didChangeDependencies() {
super.didChangeDependencies();
final double width = MediaQuery.of(context).size.width;
wideScreen = width > 600;
}
// ... to here.
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
// Modify from here...
return Scaffold(
body: Row(
children: [
if (wideScreen)
DisappearingNavigationRail(
selectedIndex: selectedIndex,
backgroundColor: _backgroundColor,
onDestinationSelected: (index) {
setState(() {
selectedIndex = index;
});
},
),
Expanded(
child: Container(
color: _backgroundColor,
child: EmailListView(
selectedIndex: selectedIndex,
onSelected: (index) {
setState(() {
selectedIndex = index;
});
},
currentUser: widget.currentUser,
),
),
),
],
),
floatingActionButton: wideScreen
? null
: FloatingActionButton(
backgroundColor: _colorScheme.tertiaryContainer,
foregroundColor: _colorScheme.onTertiaryContainer,
onPressed: () {},
child: const Icon(Icons.add),
),
bottomNavigationBar: wideScreen
? null
: DisappearingBottomNavigationBar(
selectedIndex: selectedIndex,
onDestinationSelected: (index) {
setState(() {
selectedIndex = index;
});
},
),
);
// ... to here.
}
}
Perubahan penting pertama pada file main.dart adalah penambahan status wideScreen yang akan diperbarui kapan pun pengguna mengubah ukuran layar, baik dengan mengubah ukuran jendela browser atau memutar ponsel. Perubahan berikutnya akan mengubah NavigationBar dan FloatingActionButton, sehingga keduanya bergantung pada apakah aplikasi berada dalam mode wideScreen atau tidak. Terakhir, bergantung pada situasinya, NavigationRail akan disertakan pada sisi kiri jika layarnya cukup lebar. Jalankan aplikasi di web atau desktop dan ubah ukuran layar untuk menampilkan dua tata letak yang berbeda.
|
|
Memiliki dua tata letak yang berbeda adalah hal bagus, tetapi transisi di antara keduanya bukan hal bagus. Mengganti menu dengan kolom samping (dan sebaliknya) secara lebih dinamis akan meningkatkan tampilan aplikasi ini secara signifikan. Anda akan menambahkan animasi ini pada langkah berikutnya.
7. Menganimasikan transisi
Untuk menciptakan pengalaman animasi, Anda harus membuat serangkaian animasi, serta mengatur koreografi secara tepat untuk setiap komponen. Untuk animasi ini, Anda akan memulai dengan membuat file baru bernama animations.dart dalam direktori lib dengan gerakan animasi yang Anda perlukan.
lib/animations.dart
import 'package:flutter/animation.dart';
class BarAnimation extends ReverseAnimation {
BarAnimation({required AnimationController parent})
: super(
CurvedAnimation(
parent: parent,
curve: const Interval(0, 1 / 5),
reverseCurve: const Interval(1 / 5, 4 / 5),
),
);
}
class OffsetAnimation extends CurvedAnimation {
OffsetAnimation({required super.parent})
: super(
curve: const Interval(
2 / 5,
3 / 5,
curve: Curves.easeInOutCubicEmphasized,
),
reverseCurve: Interval(
4 / 5,
1,
curve: Curves.easeInOutCubicEmphasized.flipped,
),
);
}
class RailAnimation extends CurvedAnimation {
RailAnimation({required super.parent})
: super(
curve: const Interval(0 / 5, 4 / 5),
reverseCurve: const Interval(3 / 5, 1),
);
}
class RailFabAnimation extends CurvedAnimation {
RailFabAnimation({required super.parent})
: super(
curve: const Interval(3 / 5, 1),
);
}
class ScaleAnimation extends CurvedAnimation {
ScaleAnimation({required super.parent})
: super(
curve: const Interval(
3 / 5,
4 / 5,
curve: Curves.easeInOutCubicEmphasized,
),
reverseCurve: Interval(
3 / 5,
1,
curve: Curves.easeInOutCubicEmphasized.flipped,
),
);
}
class ShapeAnimation extends CurvedAnimation {
ShapeAnimation({required super.parent})
: super(
curve: const Interval(
2 / 5,
3 / 5,
curve: Curves.easeInOutCubicEmphasized,
),
);
}
class SizeAnimation extends CurvedAnimation {
SizeAnimation({required super.parent})
: super(
curve: const Interval(
0 / 5,
3 / 5,
curve: Curves.easeInOutCubicEmphasized,
),
reverseCurve: Interval(
2 / 5,
1,
curve: Curves.easeInOutCubicEmphasized.flipped,
),
);
}
Pengembangan gerakan ini memerlukan iterasi, yang dapat dilakukan secara jauh lebih mudah dengan hot reload Flutter. Untuk menggunakan animasi ini, Anda memerlukan beberapa transisi. Buat subdirektori dengan nama transitions dalam direktori lib, lalu tambahkan file bernama bottom_bar_transition.dart yang berisi kode berikut:
lib/transitions/bottom_bar_transition.dart
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import '../animations.dart';
class BottomBarTransition extends StatefulWidget {
const BottomBarTransition(
{super.key,
required this.animation,
required this.backgroundColor,
required this.child});
final Animation<double> animation;
final Color backgroundColor;
final Widget child;
@override
State<BottomBarTransition> createState() => _BottomBarTransition();
}
class _BottomBarTransition extends State<BottomBarTransition> {
late final Animation<Offset> offsetAnimation = Tween<Offset>(
begin: const Offset(0, 1),
end: Offset.zero,
).animate(OffsetAnimation(parent: widget.animation));
late final Animation<double> heightAnimation = Tween<double>(
begin: 0,
end: 1,
).animate(SizeAnimation(parent: widget.animation));
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return ClipRect(
child: DecoratedBox(
decoration: BoxDecoration(color: widget.backgroundColor),
child: Align(
alignment: Alignment.topLeft,
heightFactor: heightAnimation.value,
child: FractionalTranslation(
translation: offsetAnimation.value,
child: widget.child,
),
),
),
);
}
}
Tambahkan file lain bernama nav_rail_transition.dart ke direktori lib/transitions, lalu tambahkan kode berikut:
lib/transitions/nav_rail_transition.dart
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import '../animations.dart';
class NavRailTransition extends StatefulWidget {
const NavRailTransition(
{super.key,
required this.animation,
required this.backgroundColor,
required this.child});
final Animation<double> animation;
final Widget child;
final Color backgroundColor;
@override
State<NavRailTransition> createState() => _NavRailTransitionState();
}
class _NavRailTransitionState extends State<NavRailTransition> {
// The animations are only rebuilt by this method when the text
// direction changes because this widget only depends on Directionality.
late final bool ltr = Directionality.of(context) == TextDirection.ltr;
late final Animation<Offset> offsetAnimation = Tween<Offset>(
begin: ltr ? const Offset(-1, 0) : const Offset(1, 0),
end: Offset.zero,
).animate(OffsetAnimation(parent: widget.animation));
late final Animation<double> widthAnimation = Tween<double>(
begin: 0,
end: 1,
).animate(SizeAnimation(parent: widget.animation));
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return ClipRect(
child: DecoratedBox(
decoration: BoxDecoration(color: widget.backgroundColor),
child: AnimatedBuilder(
animation: widthAnimation,
builder: (context, child) {
return Align(
alignment: Alignment.topLeft,
widthFactor: widthAnimation.value,
child: FractionalTranslation(
translation: offsetAnimation.value,
child: widget.child,
),
);
},
),
),
);
}
}
Kedua widget transisi ini menggabungkan widget menu dan kolom samping navigasi untuk menciptakan animasi saat keduanya muncul dan menghilang. Untuk menggunakan kedua widget transisi ini, perbarui kedua widget, dimulai dengan disappearing_bottom_navigation_bar.dart:
lib/widgets/disappearing_bottom_navigation_bar.dart
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import '../animations.dart'; // Add this import
import '../destinations.dart';
import '../transitions/bottom_bar_transition.dart'; // Add this import
class DisappearingBottomNavigationBar extends StatelessWidget {
const DisappearingBottomNavigationBar({
super.key,
required this.barAnimation, // Add this parameter
required this.selectedIndex,
this.onDestinationSelected,
});
final BarAnimation barAnimation; // Add this variable
final int selectedIndex;
final ValueChanged<int>? onDestinationSelected;
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
// Modify from here...
return BottomBarTransition(
animation: barAnimation,
backgroundColor: Colors.white,
child: NavigationBar(
elevation: 0,
backgroundColor: Colors.white,
destinations: destinations.map<NavigationDestination>((d) {
return NavigationDestination(
icon: Icon(d.icon),
label: d.label,
);
}).toList(),
selectedIndex: selectedIndex,
onDestinationSelected: onDestinationSelected,
),
);
// ... to here.
}
}
Modifikasi sebelumnya menambahkan salah satu animasi, dan mengintegrasikan transisi. Dengan begitu, Anda dapat mengontrol cara menu navigasi muncul dan menghilang.
Selanjutnya, ubah disappearing_navigation_rail.dart seperti berikut:
lib/widgets/disappearing_navigation_rail.dart
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import '../animations.dart'; // Add this import
import '../destinations.dart';
import '../transitions/nav_rail_transition.dart'; // Add this import
import 'animated_floating_action_button.dart'; // Add this import
class DisappearingNavigationRail extends StatelessWidget {
const DisappearingNavigationRail({
super.key,
required this.railAnimation, // Add this parameter
required this.railFabAnimation, // Add this parameter
required this.backgroundColor,
required this.selectedIndex,
this.onDestinationSelected,
});
final RailAnimation railAnimation; // Add this variable
final RailFabAnimation railFabAnimation; // Add this variable
final Color backgroundColor;
final int selectedIndex;
final ValueChanged<int>? onDestinationSelected;
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
// Delete colorScheme
// Modify from here ...
return NavRailTransition(
animation: railAnimation,
backgroundColor: backgroundColor,
child: NavigationRail(
selectedIndex: selectedIndex,
backgroundColor: backgroundColor,
onDestinationSelected: onDestinationSelected,
leading: Column(
children: [
IconButton(
onPressed: () {},
icon: const Icon(Icons.menu),
),
const SizedBox(height: 8),
AnimatedFloatingActionButton(
animation: railFabAnimation,
elevation: 0,
onPressed: () {},
child: const Icon(Icons.add),
),
],
),
groupAlignment: -0.85,
destinations: destinations.map((d) {
return NavigationRailDestination(
icon: Icon(d.icon),
label: Text(d.label),
);
}).toList(),
),
);
// ... to here.
}
}
Saat memasukkan kode sebelumnya, Anda mungkin mendapatkan serangkaian peringatan error tentang widget yang tidak ditetapkan, yakni FloatingActionButton. Untuk memperbaiki masalah ini, tambahkan file bernama animated_floating_action_button.dart ke lib/widgets, yang berisi kode berikut:
lib/widgets/animated_floating_action_button.dart
import 'dart:ui';
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import '../animations.dart';
class AnimatedFloatingActionButton extends StatefulWidget {
const AnimatedFloatingActionButton({
super.key,
required this.animation,
this.elevation,
this.onPressed,
this.child,
});
final Animation<double> animation;
final VoidCallback? onPressed;
final Widget? child;
final double? elevation;
@override
State<AnimatedFloatingActionButton> createState() =>
_AnimatedFloatingActionButton();
}
class _AnimatedFloatingActionButton
extends State<AnimatedFloatingActionButton> {
late final ColorScheme _colorScheme = Theme.of(context).colorScheme;
late final Animation<double> _scaleAnimation =
ScaleAnimation(parent: widget.animation);
late final Animation<double> _shapeAnimation =
ShapeAnimation(parent: widget.animation);
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return ScaleTransition(
scale: _scaleAnimation,
child: FloatingActionButton(
elevation: widget.elevation,
shape: RoundedRectangleBorder(
borderRadius: BorderRadius.all(
Radius.circular(lerpDouble(30, 15, _shapeAnimation.value)!),
),
),
backgroundColor: _colorScheme.tertiaryContainer,
foregroundColor: _colorScheme.onTertiaryContainer,
onPressed: widget.onPressed,
child: widget.child,
),
);
}
}
Untuk menerapkan perubahan ini pada aplikasi, perbarui file main.dart seperti berikut:
lib/main.dart
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'animations.dart'; // Add this import
import 'models/data.dart' as data;
import 'models/models.dart';
import 'widgets/animated_floating_action_button.dart'; // Add this import
import 'widgets/disappearing_bottom_navigation_bar.dart';
import 'widgets/disappearing_navigation_rail.dart';
import 'widgets/email_list_view.dart';
void main() {
runApp(const MainApp());
}
class MainApp extends StatelessWidget {
const MainApp({super.key});
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return MaterialApp(
theme: ThemeData.light(useMaterial3: true),
home: Feed(currentUser: data.user_0),
);
}
}
class Feed extends StatefulWidget {
const Feed({
super.key,
required this.currentUser,
});
final User currentUser;
@override
State<Feed> createState() => _FeedState();
}
// Add SingleTickerProviderStateMixin to _FeedState
class _FeedState extends State<Feed> with SingleTickerProviderStateMixin {
late final _colorScheme = Theme.of(context).colorScheme;
late final _backgroundColor = Color.alphaBlend(
_colorScheme.primary.withOpacity(0.14), _colorScheme.surface);
// Add from here...
late final _controller = AnimationController(
duration: const Duration(milliseconds: 1000),
reverseDuration: const Duration(milliseconds: 1250),
value: 0,
vsync: this);
late final _railAnimation = RailAnimation(parent: _controller);
late final _railFabAnimation = RailFabAnimation(parent: _controller);
late final _barAnimation = BarAnimation(parent: _controller);
// ... to here.
int selectedIndex = 0;
// Remove wideScreen
bool controllerInitialized = false; // Add this variable
@override
void didChangeDependencies() {
super.didChangeDependencies();
final double width = MediaQuery.of(context).size.width;
// Remove wideScreen reference
// Add from here ...
final AnimationStatus status = _controller.status;
if (width > 600) {
if (status != AnimationStatus.forward &&
status != AnimationStatus.completed) {
_controller.forward();
}
} else {
if (status != AnimationStatus.reverse &&
status != AnimationStatus.dismissed) {
_controller.reverse();
}
}
if (!controllerInitialized) {
controllerInitialized = true;
_controller.value = width > 600 ? 1 : 0;
}
// ... to here.
}
// Add from here ...
@override
void dispose() {
_controller.dispose();
super.dispose();
}
// ... to here.
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
// Modify from here ...
return AnimatedBuilder(
animation: _controller,
builder: (context, _) {
return Scaffold(
body: Row(
children: [
DisappearingNavigationRail(
railAnimation: _railAnimation,
railFabAnimation: _railFabAnimation,
selectedIndex: selectedIndex,
backgroundColor: _backgroundColor,
onDestinationSelected: (index) {
setState(() {
selectedIndex = index;
});
},
),
Expanded(
child: Container(
color: _backgroundColor,
child: EmailListView(
selectedIndex: selectedIndex,
onSelected: (index) {
setState(() {
selectedIndex = index;
});
},
currentUser: widget.currentUser,
),
),
),
],
),
floatingActionButton: AnimatedFloatingActionButton(
animation: _barAnimation,
onPressed: () {},
child: const Icon(Icons.add),
),
bottomNavigationBar: DisappearingBottomNavigationBar(
barAnimation: _barAnimation,
selectedIndex: selectedIndex,
onDestinationSelected: (index) {
setState(() {
selectedIndex = index;
});
},
),
);
},
);
// ... to here.
}
}
Jalankan aplikasi. Pada awalnya, aplikasi akan terlihat sama seperti sebelumnya. Ubah ukuran layar untuk melihat tombol UI antara kolom samping navigasi dan menu navigasi, tergantung pada ukuran dan dimensinya. Pergerakan transisi ini kini akan terlihat lancar dan menarik. Gunakan hot reload untuk mengubah gerakan animasi yang digunakan agar Anda dapat melihat perubahan nuansa yang diciptakannya dalam aplikasi.
8. Menambahkan tampilan daftar/detail
Sebagai nilai plus, aplikasi pesan adalah platform yang baik untuk menampilkan tata letak daftar/detail, tetapi hanya jika tampilannya cukup lebar. Mulailah dengan menambahkan file bernama reply_list_view.dart di lib/widgets, lalu sertakan kode berikut:
lib/widgets/reply_list_view.dart
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import '../models/data.dart' as data;
import 'email_widget.dart';
class ReplyListView extends StatelessWidget {
const ReplyListView({super.key});
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Padding(
padding: const EdgeInsets.only(right: 8.0),
child: ListView(
children: [
const SizedBox(height: 8),
...List.generate(data.replies.length, (index) {
return Padding(
padding: const EdgeInsets.only(bottom: 8.0),
child: EmailWidget(
email: data.replies[index],
isPreview: false,
isThreaded: true,
showHeadline: index == 0,
),
);
}),
],
),
);
}
}
Selanjutnya, tambahkan list_detail_transition.dart dalam lib/transitions, lalu sertakan kode berikut:
lib/transitions/list_detail_transition.dart
import 'dart:ui';
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import '../animations.dart';
class ListDetailTransition extends StatefulWidget {
const ListDetailTransition({
super.key,
required this.animation,
required this.one,
required this.two,
});
final Animation<double> animation;
final Widget one;
final Widget two;
@override
State<ListDetailTransition> createState() => _ListDetailTransitionState();
}
class _ListDetailTransitionState extends State<ListDetailTransition> {
Animation<double> widthAnimation = const AlwaysStoppedAnimation(0);
late final Animation<double> sizeAnimation =
SizeAnimation(parent: widget.animation);
late final Animation<Offset> offsetAnimation = Tween<Offset>(
begin: const Offset(1, 0),
end: Offset.zero,
).animate(OffsetAnimation(parent: sizeAnimation));
double currentFlexFactor = 0;
@override
void didChangeDependencies() {
super.didChangeDependencies();
final double width = MediaQuery.of(context).size.width;
double nextFlexFactor = switch (width) {
>= 800 && < 1200 => lerpDouble(1000, 2000, (width - 800) / 400)!,
>= 1200 && < 1600 => lerpDouble(2000, 3000, (width - 1200) / 400)!,
>= 1600 => 3000,
_ => 1000,
};
if (nextFlexFactor == currentFlexFactor) {
return;
}
if (currentFlexFactor == 0) {
widthAnimation =
Tween<double>(begin: 0, end: nextFlexFactor).animate(sizeAnimation);
} else {
final TweenSequence<double> sequence = TweenSequence([
if (sizeAnimation.value > 0) ...[
TweenSequenceItem(
tween: Tween(begin: 0, end: widthAnimation.value),
weight: sizeAnimation.value,
),
],
if (sizeAnimation.value < 1) ...[
TweenSequenceItem(
tween: Tween(begin: widthAnimation.value, end: nextFlexFactor),
weight: 1 - sizeAnimation.value,
),
],
]);
widthAnimation = sequence.animate(sizeAnimation);
}
currentFlexFactor = nextFlexFactor;
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return widthAnimation.value.toInt() == 0
? widget.one
: Row(
children: [
Flexible(
flex: 1000,
child: widget.one,
),
Flexible(
flex: widthAnimation.value.toInt(),
child: FractionalTranslation(
translation: offsetAnimation.value,
child: widget.two,
),
),
],
);
}
}
Integrasikan konten ini ke dalam aplikasi dengan memperbarui lib/main.dart seperti berikut:
lib/main.dart
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'animations.dart';
import 'models/data.dart' as data;
import 'models/models.dart';
import 'transitions/list_detail_transition.dart'; // Add import
import 'widgets/animated_floating_action_button.dart';
import 'widgets/disappearing_bottom_navigation_bar.dart';
import 'widgets/disappearing_navigation_rail.dart';
import 'widgets/email_list_view.dart';
import 'widgets/reply_list_view.dart'; // Add import
void main() {
runApp(const MainApp());
}
class MainApp extends StatelessWidget {
const MainApp({super.key});
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return MaterialApp(
theme: ThemeData.light(useMaterial3: true),
home: Feed(currentUser: data.user_0),
);
}
}
class Feed extends StatefulWidget {
const Feed({
super.key,
required this.currentUser,
});
final User currentUser;
@override
State<Feed> createState() => _FeedState();
}
class _FeedState extends State<Feed> with SingleTickerProviderStateMixin {
late final _colorScheme = Theme.of(context).colorScheme;
late final _backgroundColor = Color.alphaBlend(
_colorScheme.primary.withOpacity(0.14), _colorScheme.surface);
late final _controller = AnimationController(
duration: const Duration(milliseconds: 1000),
reverseDuration: const Duration(milliseconds: 1250),
value: 0,
vsync: this);
late final _railAnimation = RailAnimation(parent: _controller);
late final _railFabAnimation = RailFabAnimation(parent: _controller);
late final _barAnimation = BarAnimation(parent: _controller);
int selectedIndex = 0;
bool controllerInitialized = false;
@override
void didChangeDependencies() {
super.didChangeDependencies();
final double width = MediaQuery.of(context).size.width;
final AnimationStatus status = _controller.status;
if (width > 600) {
if (status != AnimationStatus.forward &&
status != AnimationStatus.completed) {
_controller.forward();
}
} else {
if (status != AnimationStatus.reverse &&
status != AnimationStatus.dismissed) {
_controller.reverse();
}
}
if (!controllerInitialized) {
controllerInitialized = true;
_controller.value = width > 600 ? 1 : 0;
}
}
@override
void dispose() {
_controller.dispose();
super.dispose();
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return AnimatedBuilder(
animation: _controller,
builder: (context, _) {
return Scaffold(
body: Row(
children: [
DisappearingNavigationRail(
railAnimation: _railAnimation,
railFabAnimation: _railFabAnimation,
selectedIndex: selectedIndex,
backgroundColor: _backgroundColor,
onDestinationSelected: (index) {
setState(() {
selectedIndex = index;
});
},
),
Expanded(
child: Container(
color: _backgroundColor,
// Update from here ...
child: ListDetailTransition(
animation: _railAnimation,
one: EmailListView(
selectedIndex: selectedIndex,
onSelected: (index) {
setState(() {
selectedIndex = index;
});
},
currentUser: widget.currentUser,
),
two: const ReplyListView(),
),
// ... to here.
),
),
],
),
floatingActionButton: AnimatedFloatingActionButton(
animation: _barAnimation,
onPressed: () {},
child: const Icon(Icons.add),
),
bottomNavigationBar: DisappearingBottomNavigationBar(
barAnimation: _barAnimation,
selectedIndex: selectedIndex,
onDestinationSelected: (index) {
setState(() {
selectedIndex = index;
});
},
),
);
},
);
}
}
Jalankan aplikasi untuk melihat hasilnya. Di sini Anda bisa melihat gaya tampilan Material 3 dan animasi antara tata letak yang berbeda dalam satu aplikasi yang mewakili aplikasi sungguhan. Hasilnya akan terlihat seperti berikut:
9. Selamat
Selamat, Anda telah berhasil membangun aplikasi Flutter Material 3 pertama Anda!
Untuk meninjau kode pada semua langkah dalam codelab ini, lihat repositori GitHub codelab Flutter.
Apa selanjutnya?
Lihat beberapa codelab ini...
- Building a game with Flutter and Flame
- Membuat tampilan aplikasi Flutter menjadi lebih menarik
- Using FFI in a Flutter plugin
Bacaan lebih lanjut
- Baca informasi selengkapnya di Pembaruan Material 3 di Flutter
- Lihat Dokumentasi Material 3 Flutter
- Tinjau semua Referensi Material 3